Screwtape Letter #28 – Questions

28.3) The great human philosopher that Screwtape speaks of is Immanuel Kant, who lived from 1724 to 1804, but is still a central figure in modern philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy says this about him –

The fundamental idea of Kant’s “critical philosophy” —especially in his three Critiques: the Critique of Pure Reason (1781, 1787), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790) — is human autonomy. He argues that the human understanding is the source of the general laws of nature that structure all our experience; and that human reason gives itself the moral law, which is our basis for belief in God, freedom, and immortality. Therefore, scientific knowledge, morality, and religious belief are mutually consistent and secure because they all rest on the same foundation of human autonomy, which is also the final end of nature according to the teleological worldview of reflecting judgment that Kant introduces to unify the theoretical and practical parts of his philosophical system.

The problem is that to some it seemed unclear whether progress would in fact ensue if reason enjoyed full sovereignty over traditional authorities; or whether unaided reasoning would instead lead straight to materialism, fatalism, atheism, skepticism (Bxxxiv), or even libertinism and authoritarianism (8:146). The Enlightenment commitment to the sovereignty of reason was tied to the expectation that it would not lead to any of these consequences but instead would support certain key beliefs that tradition had always sanctioned. Crucially, these included belief in God, the soul, freedom, and the compatibility of science with morality and religion.

The question in his time was whether “Enlightenment” – thinking for oneself rather than letting others think for you – would lead to further “belief in God, the soul, freedom, and the compatibility of science with morality and religion” or if it “would instead lead straight to materialism, fatalism, atheism, skepticism”.

The encyclopedia goes on to say –

The Critique of Pure Reason is Kant’s response to this crisis. Its main topic is metaphysics because, for Kant, metaphysics is the domain of reason – it is “the inventory of all we possess through pure reason, ordered systematically” — and the authority of reason was in question. Kant’s main goal is to show that a critique of reason by reason itself, unaided and unrestrained by traditional authorities, establishes a secure and consistent basis for both Newtonian science and traditional morality and religion. In other words, free rational inquiry adequately supports all of these essential human interests and shows them to be mutually consistent. So reason deserves the sovereignty attributed to it by the Enlightenment.

Against this backdrop, the full Kant quote is –

“For whereas, so far as nature is concerned, experience supplies the rules and is the source of truth, in respect of the moral laws it is, alas, the mother of illusion!”

How does all of this fit in with what Screwtape has said about our view of time (past, present, and future) and with the constant talk of keeping us from realizing the truth?

How valuable time is to us may be gauged by the fact that the Enemy allows us so little of it. … Whatever you do, keep your patient as safe as you possibly can,

Your affectionate uncle

SCREWTAPE

28.4) Screwtape’s got some harsh words related to what our lives are about.

The purpose of being born is to die – and the purpose of dying is to get to that other kind of life – therefore, work quickly Wormwood.

This is a rather dark view of life. Does he have this right?

Vocabulary:

 None.